Oscar Leopold von Gebhardt (1844–1906) was a German Lutheran theologian, born in the Baltic German settlement of Wesenberg in the Russian Empire (now Rakvere, Estonia). In 1893 he became chief librarian and professor of paleography at the University of Leipzig. He published Theile's Novum Testamentum Graece (1875–1900) and Das Neue Testament griesch und deutsch (fourth edition, 1896); edited The Miniatures of the Ashburnham Pentateuch (1883); with Adolf von Harnack, Texte und Untersuchungen zur Gerschichte der altchristlichen Literatur (1882–1905), a serial devoted to New Testament and patristic criticism; and, with Harnack and Theodor Zahn, an edition of the apostolic fathers (1875–78).